Arkansas State University A Long Way Over The Years

History Arkansas state university has a long history that goes back many years, at one time it was not even a college. It has come a long way over the years and here is a brief history of the school. Arkansas state university was founded in April, 1909, by Act 100 of the 37th Arkansas General Assembly as 1 of 4 AR high schools to teach agriculture, horticulture, and the art of textile manufacturing. Victor C. Kays was hired as the 1st principle, he soon began hiring staff. The staff was made of a secretary, a superintendent of farms, and a superintendent of residence halls. Any work not done by staff was done by the students, who paid no tuition, but had to work on the school campus. Despite its agricultural focus, it†¦show more content†¦12, 1931, the first day of spring semester classes. In spite of the total loss, the Principal found temporary class locations around campus, and classes continued on schedule. Construction began immediately on a new Administration/Classroom Bu ilding, which opened in 1932. It was named Wilson Hall, after Trustee R. E. Lee Wilson, who provided most of the men, equipment, and mules for the construction of the new building. By the 1930s, the academic program had changed into a 4 year college. The following year, the name was changed to Arkansas State College. Graduate programs at the master s level were offered beginning in 1955, and that year saw a major change. Walter Strong, Fred Turner, and Larry Williams became the 1st black students on campus and, although Williams dropped out before graduating, Strong and Turner went on to become the first black graduates. In 1970, Turner returned to the campus as the 1st black ROTC instructor. During the 1950s, Arkansas State s growths rapidly outgrow other schools. The school began comparing itself to the University of Arkansas. Thus, as the 50th anniversary of the school approached, they began a campaign to get university status. They were successful eight years later. On Jan. 17 , 1967, the college became Arkansas State University. Description of college This is a brief description of the school as it is now It is a both gender school, it is public, it is in Jonesboro AR,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Public Health1622 Words   |  7 Pagespedagogy in the universities that teaches our future healthcare professionals are lagging in their changes to the curriculum. There is a need to change our public health major to a population health major. Population health is not just policies and programs to keep public society healthy, it is an approach that looks at all the factors that can influence healthy individuals over the course of their lives. There are many benefits to this change. Students of University of Arkansas will benefit becauseRead MoreEconomic And Political Inequalities Of America1374 Words   |  6 Pagesand McDonald s to pay such low wages, which in turn provides social services like food stamps, Medicaid and public housing. Out of all U.S. companies Wal-mart employees are the largest recipients of public welfare, receiving about $6.2 billion a year in mostly federal subsid ies. Because they are making such nominal hourly wages these services are essential for the well-being of the American public. Workers and consumers alike are encapsulated within this system, with the Walton family even controllingRead MoreConsolidation of Schools: Combining Students from Different Schools1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe one room, log cabin, private school began by the colonists, who came from Europe, served its purpose in the early 1600’s. As the United States increased in size, so did the education system, from the first district being formed in the mid 1700 to 1800’s. Advance to the early 1900’s and many one room schools dotted the land throughout rural areas. These small districts had to meet the standards set by the educational system. High financial costs were involved in meeting and holding these standardsRead MoreLife History of Bill Clinton Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pageswhat. Bill Clinton was an important president in American history , even through his personal scandals and broken promises. William Jefferson Clinton, now known as Bill Clinton, was born on August 19, 1946. He spent the first six years of his life in Hope, Arkansas. William Jefferson Blythe, Clintons father, died in an auto accident three months before his mother, Virginia Cassidy Blythe, gave birth to him. Clinton was raised in his grandmother, Edith Cassidys home. His mother was often awayRead More President Bill Clinton Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pageswhat. Bill Clinton was an important president in American history, even through his personal scandals and broken promises. 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Legal Drinking Age - 853 Words

Although the debate began many years ago, it still continues to this day. Should the legal drinking age be lowered, or should it not be lowered? The argument has always been massive, with both sides spitting out rebuttals left and right. Despite the fact that both sides showcase decent evidence, only one brings hard-hitting facts that truly make a difference: the legal drinking age should not be lowered because it helps prevents youths from driving drunk, it helps prevent youths from committing violent crimes, and it helps prevent incomplete develop of the brain. Even though drunk driving may not be one of the highest leading causes of death, it is still an enormous issue. As we all know, an inebriated person behind the wheel is extremely†¦show more content†¦Not only will lowering the drinking age increase the amount of drunk driving, but will more than likely increase the rate of accidents caused by drinking and driving. Some minors may even be intimidated by the law, and removing would take away the barrier and show them that it is okay for them to drink at the age of eighteen or nineteen. With this influence in place, the level of drunk driving would decrease, especially in the youth, who are mostly affected by the law, and along with the rate of drinking and driving, the rate of car accidents caused by drunk driving would (presumably) decrease, resulting in the more young lives saved. Along with the prevention of drunk driving, by not lowering the legal age to consume alcohol violent crimes can be prevented. Violent crimes that can help be prevented by this include date rape, abuse, and homicide. Although these do not always occur with the offenders under the influence, but significant amounts of occurrences are the result of alcohol. For example, in a study, it was shown that over fifty percent of male and female students who have committed date rape, or have been raped, were under the influence of alcoholic substances (or drugs). Not only that, but a little less than fifty percent of attackers who commit assault were inebriated, and over seventy-five percent of people who commit homicide had been drinking alcohol. Think about that. If the drinking age were to be lowered to eighteen,Show MoreRelatedIncrease in the Legal Drinking Age870 Words   |  3 PagesAnother reason why the legal drinking age was changed is because of the fact that the adolescent brain is not fully developed; it is supposed that â€Å"excessive alcohol intake causes brain damage† in teens. However, in order for damage to occur, the drinking has to be extremely excessive. If there are only a few of these extreme bingeing â€Å"episodes,† they do no harm to the adolescent brain (Minimum Drinking Age). David J. Hanson, a professor at the University of New York at Potsdam, states, â€Å"There’sRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age857 Words   |  4 PagesAs we know, the United States has the highest drinking age in the world. By 1988 the entire U.S had adopted the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act, which set the drinking age to twenty-one. However, in 1920 the United States banned the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcohol. This era known as the Prohibition sparked the popularity of hidden underground bars and events. The Prohibition Era is a prime example of how people did anything to intake alcohol and eventually this ledRead MoreBinge Drinking And The Minimum Legal Drinking Age3264 Words   |  14 PagesKarzhova Marina Erin Beaver English Composition II 5 November 2014 Binge Drinking and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age In the year 1984, President Ronald Reagan enacted a law that increased the minimum drinking Age all U.S states to 21 years. As a result, it is believed that the mortality rates due to road accidents reduced from 5,000 in the 80’s to 2, 000 in 2005 (Dean-Mooney). However, the issue of binge drinking remains unsolved with learning institutions having to deal with it every semester. InRead MoreLegal Drinking Age : Should It Be Altered?1408 Words   |  6 Pages Legal Drinking Age: Should It Be Altered? The legal drinking age has been an ongoing controversy for decades, consisting of people who are for lowering, raising, or keeping the age with multiple reasons behind each side. It is commonly known that consuming alcohol can have life-threatening effects on the human body, but these effects can be much harsher at a younger age. Reducing the age for eighteen year olds may result in senseless acts from the drug. Statistics prove that maintainingRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States of America, the National Government requires the states to enforce a legal drinking age of twenty-one. Where as the world average drinking age is eighteen, and in some Countries it is even lower where it is possible to get a beer at sixteen years of age. Taking that into consideration, there is a great deal of controversy in the United States on what the legal age should be to purchase and consume an alcoholic beverage. The largest issue being that you are considered to be anRead More Lowering the Legal Minimum Drinking Age Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderage drinking has become a major problem, especially on college campuses. But, underage drinking is not purely the root of all accidents related to alcohol. The real problem lies within the unsafe underage drinking habits amongst youth. There are ways that these alcohol-related accidents can be avoided. Several organizations have been created that are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. One key way to lower the risk of unsafe drinking is to lower the minimum legal drinking age fromRead MoreShould the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen?1192 Words   |  5 PagesShould the legal alcohol drinking age be lowered to eighteen? At the age of eighteen years old, you are eligible to vote, you can legally purchase cigarettes, you are eligible for the military draft, you are willing to die for this country, you are even able to serve on a jury, and you are titled as an adult at the age of eighteen. Why can’t someone at the age of eighteen not drink alcohol? Who is to say that just because someone is twenty-one years of age means that they are wise enough to drinkRead MoreLowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18 Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesLowering the Legal Drinking Age to 18 Sarah, an eighteen-year-old college freshman, walks into a convenience store and moves timidly to the back, hoping that no one she knows will see her. Opening the refrigerator door, she pulls out a chilled case of Coors Light. Sarah nervously approaches the cashier, with her fake ID ready to be shown, and places the case of beer on the counter. Upon first sight, the cashier assumes that Sarah is not of legal age to buy beer, because she is petite and looksRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered733 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should be Lowered â€Å"Adults under 21 are deemed capable of voting, signing contracts, serving on juries and enlisting in the military, but are told they are not mature enough to have a beer.† (Amethyst Initiative: Rethink the Drinking Age). The causes behind the minimum legal drinking age standardization nationally has not been alleviated in the past couple decades and should be repealed. The minimum legal drinking age should be lowered to the age of eighteen whichRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Legal Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"people†. The legal drinking age presently is twenty-one in the United States Of America. I can guarantee you that the underage drinking age rate would drop if the age were brought down. One of the reasons behind drinking is enjoyment but the primary purpose behind underage drinking is â€Å"breaking the law†. The law says an eighteen – year old is mature enough to make his/her life decisions, yet not ready to drink liquor. In the United States there are different rules for various ages, however when

German Journal Management Of Human Resource -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The German Journal Management Of Human Resource? Answer: Introduction The report talks about the significance of the human resource management. Coles Company has been selected to explain the case study. It explains the various key challenges and issue of the company. It tells that how the company overcome these challenges and build a strong position in the market. Coles group limited is an Australian public company that deals in retail and consumer products and services. It is the second biggest company in Australia in the retail industry. It was acquired the Wesfarmers company in 2007 with the transfer of ownership. It's headquarters located in Hawthorn East, Victoria Australia. There are approx 165,000 employees are employed in the company. It is one of the biggest supermarket companies in Australia. Gradually, it expanded its business across the world in order to achieve the long-term goals and objectives. It is listed on the Australian stock exchange, the London stock exchange and New Zealand stock exchange (Sanders, Shipton Gomes, 2014). Key issues for recruiting the labor force in Coles The organization is responsible to provide all the facilities to new candidates at the workplace. Coles is the second biggest supermarket company in Australia. Thus, various key recruitment challenges are faced by the company. They have been discussed below. Strong and effective employment offers by the competitors: It is one of the biggest key challenges that are faced by the company during recruiting the workforce. Woolworths, Aldi, and Metcash limited are the main competitors of the company. They offer the good employment opportunities to the new candidates compared to the Coles. Therefore, new applicants do not join this company and they join other companies. Thus, the firm faces many difficulties due to the excellent employment opportunities offered by the competitors (Paill, Chen, Boiral Jin, 2014). The labor force is not enough capable: It is a major issue in such company. The firm is not able to find efficient and potential workers to do work effectively and efficiently. The employees are not capable to deal with any problem and terrible situations. Thus, they cannot face the various competitors in the market. In this way, the company could not meet the targets and goals near future. The new applicants have high expectations: It is the super marketing company so employees expect high packages and wage payment for doing the work effectively and efficiently. Thus, the company is not able to fulfill the needs, requirements, and expectations of the new candidates. It is considered a significant key challenge for the firm to recruiting the workforce for assigning the task and duties to the applicants (Peters, Poutsma, Van der Heijden, Bakker Bruijn, 2014). Taking up the appointment letter but not join the company: It is another key issue of recruitment and selection in Coles. Many times it happens that the candidates who present in the interview, they take the offer letters but they do not join the company. In this way, the company has to face many problems and obstacles within the organization. Payment and wage issues: It is the common problem which is faced by every company to recruit the labor force at the workplace. Sometimes, the company makes delay in the payment system. It affects the image and position of the company adversely. Communication and motivation issues: If the Coles appoints new candidates to do the task and employment then the managers and new candidates are not able to maintain effective communication in the organization. Therefore, they feel lonely and they get disappointed. As a result, high employees turnover is increased in the firm. The working environment is also a big concern for the company (Kaufman, 2015). Organizational image: It plays a significant role in every organization. The organizational image depends on the performance and efficiency of the candidates. Before the interview, the candidates check the image of the company, whether the firm image is good or not, if the goodwill of the firm is not good then candidates do not join the company. It is one the significant key challenge for the firm to recruit the new candidates at the workplace. Compensation and remuneration: It also affects the business operations and activities adversely. Coles does not provide the higher compensation and incentives to the employees. Hence, various recruitment and selection challenges are faced by the company. Labor supply key challenge: It is one of the foremost factors in the firm. It focuses on the labor supply and labor in the international It is the best source to reach the organizational goals and objectives. But many times, the company could not fulfill the needs and requirements of the association due to the unsatisfactory demands and supply (Al-Refaie, 2015). Demographic issues: The various demographic factors include the education, culture, sex, and district. The poverty and health care are the big concern in Coles Company. The demographic issues include the diversity, aging workforce, and generations. In todays world, diversity is becoming the very important challenges for the company. Coles is the biggest supermarket chain in the Australia. The company does not expand its business because various HRM issues are faced by the firm. The cross-cultural differences also influence the recruitment strategies in the company negatively. Further, the organization checks the potentials and capabilities of the new candidates to gain the competitive advantages (Alfes, Shantz Truss, 2012). The generation also plays a vital role in every organization. The company does not provide the good opportunities to younger people. In this way, the firm is not able to gain the experience and knowledge of the younger candidate. They are more active and passionate compared to the older. It influences the performance and productivity of the organization. Coles does not check the capabilities and potential of new candidates at the time of recruiting the workforce in the firm. But it is mandatory to check and analyze the knowledge and experience of the new candidates. The demographic issues influence the business operations and activities of the company adversely (Singh, Darwish, Costa Anderson, 2012). Cross-cultural training: Cross-cultural training is essential for all the new candidates if they are hired by the firm for the international business and operations. Therefore, the firm needs to invest huge amount on the training of the new applicants. It is very expensive and time-consuming If the organization does not provide cross-cultural training to applicants then they could not perform the task and duties effectively that are assigned by the company (Andreeva Kianto, 2012). All these key issues and challenges are faced by the Coles during the recruitment and selection process. Recommended approaches and strategies After various researchers, it has been found then the firm should control the various recruitment challenges and issues to gain the sustainability and long-term goals and objectives of the firm. Thus, various approaches have been described to address these key challenges which have been discussed below (Thite, Wilkinson Shah, 2012). Mainly, Coles is using two HRM strategies to address these challenges such as performance management and reward management. Reward management uses for providing motivation and reward to new candidates for their excellent performance. On the other hand, performance management is based on the efficiency and productivity of the employees. Both play an integral role to enhance and increase the motivation and morale of the employees. It is the supermarket company that operates its business in Greenfield areas (Holm, 2012). The firm should make the retention strategies to improve and prevent the high turnover rate in the organization. It should improve the recruitment and selection process to attract the more applicants in the market. The firm should build and develop the human resource management in the organization to recruit the potential and capable applicants (Bardoel, Pettit, De Cieri McMillan, 2014). A company cannot run the business without sustainable human resource department. The HR personnel help to improve the quality and performance of the employees. The association should continue the development and improvement process to reduce the key HRM issues. The company should maintain the personnel management in the firm to manage and maintain the good employee-employer relationship. This management will also help to fulfill the basic needs and requirements of the employees at the workplace (Collings, 2014). Various cross-cultural training is conducted by the firm to improve the performance and efficiency of the workers. In this way, they are able to gain a lot of business knowledge and experience. The company should also provide various training and development programs to the workers. The company should use various retention, compensation and motivation methods to provide job satisfaction to the employees. In this way, they will do work with more efficiently and effectively. The company should take the employees feedback to analyze and evaluate their performance. The firm should recruit the employees on the basis of the worker's capabilities, experience, knowledge, and qualification. The false and wrong commitment should not be done by the employer and management (Thompson, 2011). The top management and managers should build and develop the good relationship with workers. They should maintain proper communication and teamwork in the firm. Supervisors must listen to the grievances and complaints of the workers and they should solve financial problems and grievances to provide satisfaction to the workers. It will also help to build the trust, faith and believe among the co-workers (Zoogah, 2011). Coles should use the employer branding strategy to reduce the various key challenges of the recruitment and selection. The brand is an identity to give an opportunity to the workers in the company. The employer branding strategy of the company is very good. Through branding strategy, the company can appoint the potential and talented employees in the organization. To promote the employer branding, the company should conduct various awareness programs in the market. Further advertising is another good strategy to attract the more candidates in the market. If the company appoints skilled and potential workers then it will help to increase long-term profit and revenue of the company. Through branding and advertising strategies, the company can achieve the mission and vision of the firm in near future. All these strategies play a vital role to reduce the key challenges of the recruitment and selection. The company should maintain a good working environment for the employees (Festing Sch fer, 2014). Conclusion A sustainable human resource management plays a crucial role in Coles. The paper explains the key challenges of recruitment in the firm. Thus, the company should make effective policies, procedures, and systems to reduce all these key challenges and issues. It should provide the job satisfaction to the workers to gain the competitive advantages. In this way, the company can also increase the sales in the market. It should also make some effective rules and regulations to control on the high employee turnover within the organization. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Truss, C. (2012). The link between perceived HRM practices, performance and well?being: The moderating effect of trust in the employer.Human Resource Management Journal,22(4), 409-427. Al-Refaie, A. (2015). Effects of human resource management on hotel performance using structural equation modeling.Computers in Human Behavior,43, 293-303. Andreeva, T., Kianto, A. (2012). Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance.Journal of knowledge management,16(4), 617-636. Bardoel, E. A., Pettit, T. M., De Cieri, H., McMillan, L. (2014). Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,52(3), 279-297. Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities.Journal of World Business,49(2), 253-261. Festing, M., Schfer, L. (2014). Generational challenges to talent management: A framework for talent retention based on the psychological-contract perspective.Journal of World Business,49(2), 262-271. Holm, A. B. (2012). E-recruitment: towards an ubiquitous recruitment process and candidate relationship management.German Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), 241-259. Kaufman, B. E. (2015). Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated.Human Resource Management Review,25(1), 107-125. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O., Jin, J. (2014). The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), 451-466. Peters, P., Poutsma, E., Van der Heijden, B. I., Bakker, A. B., Bruijn, T. D. (2014). Enjoying New Ways to Work: An HRM?Process Approach to Study Flow.Human resource management,53(2), 271-290. Sanders, K., Shipton, H., Gomes, J. F. (2014). Guest editors introduction: Is the HRM process important? Past, current, and future challenges.Human Resource Management,53(4), 489-503. Singh, S., Darwish, T. K., Costa, A. C., Anderson, N. (2012). Measuring HRM and organisational performance: concepts, issues, and framework.Management Decision,50(4), 651-667. Thite, M., Wilkinson, A., Shah, D. (2012). Internationalization and HRM strategies across subsidiaries in multinational corporations from emerging economiesA conceptual framework.Journal of World Business,47(2), 251-258. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM.Human Resource Management Journal,21(4), 355-367. Zoogah, D. B. (2011). The dynamics of Green HRM behaviors: A cognitive social information processing approach.German Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), 117-139.

Womans Suffrage In The 19Th Century Essays -

Woman's Suffrage In The 19Th Century Womens Suffrage in 19th Century England Womens Suffrage in the right of women to share political privileges on equal terms with men, the right to vote in elections and referendums, and the right to hold public office. The womens suffrage was a worldwide issue that had begun a long time before the 19th century. The issues involving womens right to vote was aroused in 1839 when the American Missionary Association began to work to develop education opportunities for blacks and other minorities in the U.S. which begun with the defending of the slaves of the Amistad. (Banner, Lois W. 1,NP) The Amistad was a ship that carried fleeing slaves from the coast of Cuba that brought them to the U.S. These slaves had mutinied against their Spanish owners and had no choice but to run away. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott joined the antislavery forces. They decided that the rights of women, as well as those of black slaves, needed to be dealt with. In 1841 John Quincy Adams defended these blacks as freemen before the Supreme Court and won their freedom. (American Missionary Association, 333) The women suffrage was first advocated in Great Britain by Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). During the 1830s and 40s British Suffrages received notable aid and encouragement from the Chartists, who fought unsuccessfully for human rights. John Stuart Mill, John Bright, and Richard Cobden were Liberal Legislators that helped to make the Womens Suffrage issues public to Britain. (Banner, Lois W. 2) John Stuart Mill was a great supporter of the suffrages. He helped to found the first British Women-Suffrage Association in 1865. At this same time he entered the Parliament as a member from Westminster. Mill emphasized that Liberty could be threatened as much as social as by political tyranny. (Mill, John Stuart; Encarta 2000, NP). Barbara Bodichon and Elizabeth Garrett co-drafted a petition for Womens Suffrage. The petition had 1,550 signatures. It was given to John Stuart Mill who presented it to The House of Commons in 1866. This petition was to support an amendment to the reform act so women could vote. In the voting of The House, it was defeated 196 votes to 73 votes. The Reform Bill of 1867 contained no provisions for women suffrage. (Barbara Leigh Smith (Madame Bodichon) and Hastings, NP) In the 1870s these organizations submitted to Parliament petitions that demanded the franchise for women and it contained almost 3 million signatures. . (Barbara Leigh Smith (Madame Bodichon) and Hastings, NP) This led to the formation of the National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) in 1897. Seventeen Suffragist societies had united to form a stronger, larger society. Lydia Becker was elected the President of the NUWSS; she died 3 years later, leaving Millicent Fawcett as the President. Millicent Fawcett believed that is was important to campaign for a wide variety of causes, not just for the vote. (NUWSS, NP) Previous to the NUWSS formation Fawcett worked for the Married Womens Property Act. In 1867 she published her book Political Economy for Beginners. She was also a member of the Liberal-Unionist group from 1887- 1903. Fawcett spent her life fighting for the womens suffrage by giving National speaking tours, Parliamentary lobbying, and party alliances. (Uglow, Jennifer S, 171) In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst formed the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU). Members of the WSPU no longer were willing to restrict themselves to the constitutional methods used by the NUWSS. Their motto was Deeds, not words, which meant that they were ready to take action to get what they wanted. (WSPU, NP) On October 13,1905, Christabel Pankhurst (daughter of Emmeline) and Annie Kenney attended a meeting in London to hear Sir Edward Grey (Minister in British government). During the meeting the girls shouted Will the Liberal Government get Votes to Women? When the Minister refused to answer their question, they persisted to yell out the question. They were then evicted from the meeting but they refused to leave without a fight, which resulted with them getting arrested and charged with assault. This was the first time Britain Women used violence to win the vote. From that day on the WSPU started to use Militant actions

10 Page Term Paper

10 Page Term Paper 10 Page Term Paper 10 Page Term Paper If you are writing a 10 page term paper, you must pay special attention to the quality of information and structure. In particular, you should use headings and subheadings to ensure a better flow of ideas. is a professional and legal site offering custom term paper writing help to students who care about their grades but have no time to write term papers. In addition, we have an absolutely free paper writing blog with numerous tips on writing and pre-written sample term papers. Sample Term Paper on Baby Boom A necessary step in scientific speculation is to specify precisely what is to be explained. At the demographic level, we have explained the baby boom mainly as an increase in the proportion of women having at least two children accompanied by a compression of fertility into a shorter, earlier period of time. (Another way of describing the same phenomenon is in terms of a significant decline in the average age of childbearing.) Being married and having a family (though not a large family) had become the norm during the decade after the war. Bachelorhood, childlessness and having only one child became increasingly unusual. What kinds of social change occurred during this period that might help explain this trend? One persuasive theory proposed by economist Richard Easterlin is that the postwar period witnessed a combination of two basic forces which encouraged optimism and relaxed earlier constraints on marriage and having children: an unprecedented demand for goods and services otherwise known as the postwar economic boom; and an accompanying shortage of labor. This shortage was caused by low birthrates in the twenties and early thirties which reduced the number of job seekers two decades or more later. In former periods, this demand for labor was met by immigration but the restrictive legislation of the twenties had effectively dried up this source of labor. Thus young people in the early 1950's were relatively few in number and were faced with many well-paying job opportunities in a rapidly expanding economy a particularly propitious set of circumstances for encouraging the formation of families. Other factors also contributed to what appeared to be a headlong rush into marriage and childbearing. Credit for home purchases and other consumer goods became widely available. With little investment and long amortization schedules it became possible for masses of people to satisfy home ownership aspirations, to escape the city and to have a better place for the kids to grow up. With little or no down payment required, suburban developments mushroomed and young couples with young children moved in, their homogeneous concentrations undoubtedly reinforcing the norm of fertility. Pregnancy and motherhood no longer signified a withdrawal from social life; on the contrary, pregnancy seemed almost fashionable at the time. In the new child-centered suburban life separated physically and psychologically from the work environment -childlessness was the deviant form of behavior. The pressures for conformity were such that sterility was probably a more socially acceptable justification of chi ldlessness than lack of interest in children. Term Paper Custom Writing If you need professional help with 10 page term paper writing, do not hesitate to use our custom term paper writing assistance at any time. We are open 24/7 and guarantee timely delivery. Our term paper writers are educated and you will be satisfied with the quality level!

Machiavellis Best Quotes

Machiavellis Best Quotes Niccolà ² Machiavelli is a central intellectual figure in Renaissance philosophy. Although he worked mainly as a statesman, he was also a notable historian, dramatist, poet, and philosopher. His works contain some of the most memorable quotes in political science. Here follows a selection of those that are most representative for philosophers. Most Notable Quotes From the Prince (1513) Upon this, one has to remark that men ought either to be well treated or crushed, because they can avenge themselves of lighter injuries, of more serious ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought to be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge. From this arises the question whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, voluble, dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger, and covetous of gain; as long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life, and their children, as I have before said, when the necessity is remote; but when it approaches, they revolt. And the prince who has relied solely on their words, without making other preparations, is ruined, for the friendship which is gained by purchase and not through grandeur and nobility of spirit is merited but is not secured, and at times is not to be had. And men have less scruple in offending one who makes himself loved than one who makes himself fea red; for love is held by a chain of obligation which, men being selfish, is broken whenever it serves their purpose; but fear is maintained by a dread of punishment which never fails.You must know, then, that there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force: the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is therefore necessary to know well how to use both the beast and the man. Most Notable Quotes from the Discourses on Livy (1517) As all those have shown who have discussed civil institutions, and as every history is full of examples, it is necessary to whoever arranges to found a Republic and establish laws in it, to presuppose that all men are bad and that they will use their malignity of mind every time they have the opportunity; and if such malignity is hidden for a time, it proceeds from the unknown reason that would not be known because the experience of the contrary had not been seen, but time, which is said to be the father of every truth, will cause it to be discovered.So in all human affairs one notices, if one examines them closely, that it is impossible to remove one inconvenience without another emerging.Anyone who studies present and ancient affairs will easily see how in all cities and all peoples there still exist, and have always existed, the same desires and passions. Thus, it is an easy matter for him who carefully examines past events to foresee future events in a republic and to apply the r emedies employed by the ancients, or, if old remedies cannot be found, to devise new ones based upon the similarity of the events. But since these matters are neglected or not understood by those who read, or, if understood, remain unknown to those who govern, the result is that the same problems always exist in every era.

Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gandhi - Essay Example Ahimsa, being rooted deeply in the Indian culture than in other cultures believes that non-violence is the best way of solving all other forms of conflicts. This is a practice that the Indian culture had been living up to even at present. Gandhi exemplifies best of this practice such that he remained to eat nothing of any meat but of vegetables alone. There were even times when he deprived himself from taking in any kinds of foods to be able to live up to this Indian cultural practice. Racism and social injustice have been dominant in South African culture. Unaware of such change in the society, Gandhi, after finishing his studies in England travels on a first class train ticket. While the excitement coming back to his homeland plays in his thoughts, a rude guard threw poor Gandhi off the train for his being black at the very next station. Shocked beyond words by such injustice, Gandhi realized there is nothing left for him to do but to protest against the law and the government of such injustice and racism. This had become a turning point of Gandhi life as he has realized the need for the poor Indian natives to lift themselves up from the discrimination of the British men. (http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Gandhi.html, para 1) Gandhi at the same time observed that the most of the Indian minorities lack unity making it easier for the British to take away their self-respect and implement an injustice system in their government. This was the first issue that Gandhi attempted to provide a solution such that they will regain their significant roles in the society that they belong. However, because Gandhi believes in a non-violent act of protests, he begins to form contacts with the Indian worker minority through mingling with them at the same time attempting to kindle within them a sense of injustice. Regardless of their religion, he organized meetings with them to let each one of them know their significance in the society that they belong, know their rights to fair treatment among the British. (http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/Gandhi.html, para 2) Unused to public speaking, Gandhi resorts to direct action wherein he burned his identity card in front of the police which led him to his assaults. (http://www.film.u-net.com/Movies/Reviews/ Gandhi.html, para 2) We hear no talk from Gandhi of war sometimes being a "necessary evil," but only him announcing--and more than once-"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." In a scene very near the end of the movie, we hear Gandhi say, as if after deep reflection: "Tyrants and murderers can seem invincible at the time, but in the end they always fall. Think of it. Always." (http://history.eserver.org/ghandi-nobody-knows.txt, para 23) The Hind Swaraj In 1909, Gandhi wrote the "Hind Swaraj" where he condemned the British rule as well as modernization in general. However, the book does not reject the liberal contribution of modernization. Gandhi, however, attempts to integrate its positive elements with a liberating re-interpretation of tradition. (http://www.swaraj.org/interpreting.htm, para 1) He had criticized

Conference and Banqueting Management Assignment

Conference and Banqueting Management - Assignment Example These include federal, education events, entertainment and cultural events. Events are also part of the marketing strategy and business purpose which involves trade exhibitions, fairs and promotions. In short, Event can be defined as the involvement and participation of the group of people to attend corporate goals and objectives A Conference is a formal meeting or forum where people meet and interact for several different reasons. The conferences have been a part of organizations all over the world for many years. Here the discussion is based on some common topic which every member present wants to discuss on. These conferences traditionally took place in the meeting rooms or board rooms of any organization. These conferences are also held in hotels and clubs. Today, with the advancement in technology, conferences have changed into video conferencing over the internet. The purpose of conferences changes with organization to organization and situation to situation. Today, many compan ies are still using the traditional means of conferencing and think that it is better than the video conferencing. This view also differs from company to company, like many organizations think that video conferencing is more effective and helpful for them. ... Conferences have direct relationship with tourism. This shows that the business world and conferences affect the tourism industry up to a great extent. Whenever the peak season of conferences is coming, the rate of tourism due to business also increases as conferencing required travelling of people from one country to another for the purpose of attending the conference. There are many different conference management systems available; many are helping for the traditional way of conferencing while others are helping in the modern way of conferencing like video conferencing. These systems make the conferences more effective and efficient and help in the reduction of many time consuming activities. View on Conference management D Munro’s Views According to the perspective of Mundro, traditional way of conferences was better. He thinks that face to face conferencing sitting together in a place was better than video conferencing. He thought that travelling was leisure and enjoyment for business people and it helped them in getting relieved and enjoying their work life. He thinks that the advancement of technology has affected the conference management and the value of conferencing (Mayer, Pesenhofer, and Rauber, 2006, pp. 359-366). The views of D Mundro are opposing the views of Tony Rogers, as Mundro thinks technology is not helping the conferences of the organizations but it is affecting the conference world (Miguel, 2007 pp. 51-57) Tony Roger’s Views According to the perspective of Tony Roger, new technology has enhanced and made the conference concept much better. As technology has advanced, conferences have changed into

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, came from a family of moderate means. He worked his way through college at Stanford University but never graduated. In 1925, he went to New York, where he tried for a few years to establish himself as a free-lance writer, but he failed and returned to California. After publishing some novels and short stories, Steinbeck first became widely known with Tortilla Flat (1935), a series of humorous stories about Monterey paisanos. Steinbecks novels can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour, but there is also a streak of worship of the soil in his books, which does not always agree with his matter-of-fact sociological approach. Throughout high school and college, Steinbeck took summer jobs working as a ranch hand. These jobs were extremely important to his literary career. Memories of his work on ranches would furnish the background for Of Mice and Men. John Steinbeck’s grandparents owned ranches in the King City area and in Hollister. Samuel and Eliza Hamilton, his mother’s parents, owned a ranch in the hills east of King City, the southern part of the Salinas Valley. John Steinbeck spent a part of every summer at this ranch, doing chores, taking care of the animals, and exploring the land. A typical day for ranch children began at 5:00 AM. Certain chores needed to be completed before the family and ranch hands had breakfast, including hauling water from the well, feeding the horses, and collecting wood for the stove. The children then walked to school. Some attended a one-room schoolhouse with a teacher, while others gathered at a neighbouring ranch to be taught by mothers and relatives. The children were at school for about four hours before returning home to work on the ranch. The younger children fed and cared for the chickens, goats, or pigs. Older children, about 14 years or older, worked with the adults to harvest the crops or herd the cows. Older girls usually took care of their younger siblings while the adults worked in the fields or the livestock. Ranch families would travel to the nearest town to purchase supplies and ools, go to church, and visit family members. The frequency of these trips depended on how far away they were from town. For example, ranchers in Big Sur would only go to town once every three to six months, depending on the weather and their needs. For many families, this trip took an entire day or longer. Ranchers also received supplies from travelling salesmen, livestock traders, migrant labour, and veterinarians. There were two types of ranches that existed in the Salinas Valley in the 1920s/30s: these ranches could be distinguished from each other by their location in the valley. The first type was located low on the green fertile valley floor. Hill ranches, the second type, were usually nestled up higher in the rocky and dusty terrain of the foothills of the surrounding mountains. The ranches on the valley floor were characteristically agricultural since they had more water. The rich soil and mild year-round climate lent itself to raising the lettuce and vegetables that the Salinas Valley is famous for. The ranch in The Red Pony was modelled after the second type of ranch, the hill ranch. Hill ranches were primarily interested in the cattle industry. Since there was often a shortage of water at the higher elevations, the hill-ranchers raised cattle instead of the thirsty crops that lined the valley floor. These ranches were usually quite a bit further from town than the valley floor ranches, and this added to the hardships brought on by drought years and supply shortages. The Great Depression was the great economic crisis that is said to have been started because of the U. S. stock-market crash in 1929. The prices on the Wall Street stock market fell a lot from October 24 to October 29, 1929. Many people lost their jobs. By 1932, 25–30% of people lost their jobs. They became homeless and poor. This ended the wealth of the Roaring Twenties. Many people think that the Great Depression started on Black Tuesday, but Black Tuesday was just an underlying problem that would help cause the Depression. From 1929-1932, the depression worsened. Many suspect that increased taxes on American citizens and the increased tariffs (taxes on countries that trade with the United States) worsened it. Economist Milton Friedman said that the Great Depression was worsened because the Federal Reserve printed out less money than usual. When the Great Depression started, Herbert Hoover was the president of the United States, and as a result, he was blamed for it. People voted for a new president in 1932. His name was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt got the government to pass many new laws and programs to help people who were hurt by the Great Depression. These programs were called the New Deal. One of these programs was the Civilian Conservation Corps or CCC. The CCC put many young men to work in the outdoors. The men were paid 1 dollar a week to work, and they got free food and shelter. Another one of these programs was called Social Security. Social Security gave old people a small income so they had money for things they needed. The Great Depression was really bad, but with everyones help, it would get better. Between 1939 and 1944, more people had jobs again because of World War II, and the Great Depression came to an end. An important reason for the Great Depression was the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles made the United States very rich. Britain and France both gave large amounts of money to the U. S. , and Germany had to pay a great amount of money for the damage they had done in World War I. However, it was this wealth that began the stock market crash. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, people still had hope. John D. Rockefeller said, These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come and gone. Prosperity has always returned and will again. But soon the bad effects of the depression grew worse and worse. People lost jobs, money, and homes. There were reports that in Germany and the United States, there was great hunger, disease, and even starvation. In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of a depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. If you migrated to California during this decade, you were among some 1. 3 million workers who made the trek, according to the University of California-Davis Rural Migration News from 2003. Not only did the states more hospitable temperatures draw farmers, but California also boasted a more diverse array of crops from cotton and peas to lemons and oranges. Once you reached California, you continued to be transient. This was the case because you basically followed the harvest, travelling from place to place to harvest whatever crop was in season. Earlier in the decade, there was a mentality that workers would be provided with the barest means, such as poor food, and then simply sent on their way, according to UC-Davis. With reform, that changed and migrant worker camps were established; essentially, these were a federally sponsored network of camps that provided shelter as well as health care, work counselling and food. Though these camps mandated that workers volunteer a specified amount of time, you didnt just work; you also had opportunities to play, according to the Library of Congress. It reports that there was a sense of culture that flourished in the camp. Music served as one of the biggest recreational activities; popular among workers were traditional Anglo-Celtic ballads, as well as early country works by the likes of Gene Autry. Music was created during this period by artists like Mary Sullivan and Jack Bryant, who documented what it was like to be a migrant in song. If you were a worker travelling from Mexico during this time, or an American of Mexican ethnic origin, you made far less than your white counterparts on the same job, according to the Oakland Museum of California. That being said, you still earned more in the states than you did in Mexico during this time. Mexican-American migrants patched together shelter from anything they could find, be it burlap, canvas or branches. Though its estimated that in the 1920s, 75% of migrant workers were of Mexican origin, as the country fell into the Great Depression, white workers took over their jobs, leaving many Mexican-Americans unemployed. Your work options expanded with the advent of World War II. For this reason, migrant work became far less necessary and, in turn, far less desirable. Many former migrant workers, according to the Library of Congress, went overseas to serve in the war. Still others supported the war effort stateside, taking on positions at coastal shipyards or at defence plants. The average family income dropped 40 percent between 1929 and 1933, and while men took second jobs or searched for better-paying employment in an oversaturated market, most of their wives stayed home and struggled with what Eleanor Roosevelt called endless little economies and constant anxieties. At the bottom of the middle class, women worried about losing their homes and falling back into the class of renters in Indianapolis, more than half the families with mortgages had defaulted on them by 1934. Those higher on the economic ladder simply had to figure out how to keep up appearances without the help of servants (an ad for bleach showed a pair of elegant hands in a tub of dirty laundry and asked: doing it yourself these days? ) The marriage rate dropped. The nation declared a truce in its war on spinsterhood, and magazines once again ran articles about women who found happiness in life without a husband. Live Alone And Like It was a bestseller. Do you realize how many people in my generation are not married? asked Elsa Ponselle, who was working as a teacher when the Chicago school system ran out of money and started paying its staff in IOUs. Her own boyfriend, a commercial artist, vanished when he was laid off from his job. Societys fight against contraceptives came to a virtual halt as well, partly because of national outcries against women on the dole who continued to have babies. In 1936, the federal court struck down all federal restrictions against birth control, in a case memorably named U. S. v One Package of Japanese Pessaries. The birth rate plunged so low that for the first time in American history the nation was not replacing itself. Bertha Thompson, who called herself Boxcar Bertha’, estimated that 500,000 to 2 million people were hoboes in the 1930s, and that perhaps a tenth of them were women. Most travelled in pairs, Thompson said, either with a man or another woman. But mainly, the women who took to the roads were with their families. Peggy Terry, who travelled as a migrant worker, remembered seeing a Hooverville in Oklahoma. Here were all these people living in old, rusted-out car bodies. I mean that was their home. There were people living in shacks made of orange crates. One family with a whole lot of kids were living in a piano box. This wasnt just a little section: this was maybe ten miles long and ten miles wide. The issue of whether married women should work was chewed over constantly in the newspapers and womens magazines, with the consensus coming down on the side of not. A federal law, passed during the Depression, prohibited the employment of married persons whose spouses also worked for the government. Of the people forced to quit, three quarters were women (Eleanor Roosevelt called the law a very bad and foolish thing government salaries, she argued, were so low, a family needed two incomes just to get along). Legislators in twenty-six states introduce laws completely banning the hiring of married women, although only Louisiana actually passed a law, and it was quickly declared unconstitutional. More than three quarters of the nations public school districts refused to hire married teachers unless they were male. Despite all this, the number of married women who worked continued to increase throughout the decade. Although most of these women struggled to keep poor families above water, a number were middle class and were attempting to preserve the good things they had gotten used to since World War I like electric lights and gas stoves, and the ability to keep their children in school. It was an important cultural shift that sent women into the workforce in larger and larger numbers. And for all the endless debate about whether or not it was good for society, the issue was resolved not by social theorists but by the wives themselves, determined that they and their families would not only survive but also move up. The 1930s were a turbulent time for race relations in America. Despite the decline of such organizations as the Ku Klux Klan (which had enjoyed renewed support during the 1910s and 1920s) racism was as strong as ever in the Southern states. Furthermore, as this picture alludes to, the increased presence of Black Americans in Northern cities (where many had migrated during WWII and especially during the Depression) resulted in increased tension between the races there as well. This image of a drunken African-American passed out in the middle of the city reflects the apprehension, which many rich white New Yorkers felt at the presence of so many blacks in what they considered to be their city. Many New Deal programs gave black Americans opportunities they had often lacked in the past, while also helping to bring their daily struggles to light for Northerners. Such federal programs as The Federal Music Project, Federal Theatre Project, and Federal Writers project enabled black artists to find word during the depression, often times creating art or stories, which portrayed the historic and present situation of blacks in the South. Projects chronicling the lives of former slaves were also begun under the auspices of these programs. At the same time competition for WPA (Works Project Administration) jobs in the South during the thirties also brought to light the persistence of inequality even in the government. Since the WPA required that eligible employees not have refused any private sector jobs at the prevailing wage for such jobs, African-Americans (who were paid less on average than whites in the South) might be refused WPA jobs which whites were eligible for. Such discrimination often extended to Hispanic-Americans in the Southwest as well. Despite such difficulties, WPA head Harry Hopkins worked with NAACP leaders to prevent discrimination whenever possible resulting in general support for the programs (and the government) by the black community. Black Americans also received increased visibility during this decade for less auspicious reasons, resulting in bitter political conflict within the Democratic Party. While the South had been solidly Democratic since the Civil War, the Roosevelt administration actively appealed to African-Americans to join their party, thus alienating many Southerners. The growing divide between Northern and Southern Democrats over the issue of race came to a head in April 1937, when a bitter fight over an anti-lynching bill took place in the House of Representatives. In the wake of a gruesome double lynching in Mississippi (only one of more than a hundred that had taken place since 1930) The House passed the anti-lynching resolution, despite the opposition of all but one Southern member. Declaring that the South had been deserted by the Democrats of the North, former Roosevelt supporters in the Senate carried out a six-week long filibuster that resulted in the withdrawal of the bill in February 1938. This bitter political fight was indicative of the racism and regional conflict still firmly in-trenched in America in the 1930s.

Romanticism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, The Birthmark, and Rapp

Romanticism in Young Goodman Brown, The Birth-Mark, and Rappaccini's Daughter  Ã‚  Ã‚      Nathaniel Hawthorne gives his own definition of romanticism in the preface to The House of Seven Gables. According to Hawthorne, the writer of a romance may "claim a certain latitude" and may "deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture," as long as he does not "swerve aside from the truth of the human heart." The writer of a romance "will be wise...to mingle the Marvelous" as long as he does it to a "slight," however if he "disregards this caution," he will not be committing "a literary crime" (Hawthorne, House of Seven Gables, preface). Nathaniel Hawthorne consistently stays true to his standards of romanticism. The application of these standards is most abundant and lucid in "Young Goodman Brown," "The Birth-Mark," and "Rappaccini's Daughter."    The chief difference between a novel and a romance as defined by Hawthorne, and in general, is that the writer of novel must stick to reality, whereas the writer a of romance, Hawthorne in this case, may "claim a certain latitude" (T.H.O.S.G., preface). This "latitude" is expressed in "Rappaccini's Daughter," "...Dew-drops that hung upon leaf and blossom, and, while giving a brighter beauty to each rare flower, brought everything in the limits of an ordinary experience" (Hawthorne, "Rappaccini's Daughter" 655). Although a large portion of the story is spent on describing the vegetation that grow in the garden, Hawthorne symbolizes the flowers as dark and mysterious, not realistic. Hawthorne's use of exaggeration is seen more keenly in "The Birth-Mark." Hawthorne exaggerates this birthmark to mythical proportions, "dreadful Hand" or "Crimson Hand" is how he refers to Georgiana's birth-mark.... ...ed that to be successful. Although, it is possible to write a romance without referring to the supernatural, and certainly many have done so, it's the "Marvelous," that keeps one coming back for more. In all three stories, Hawthorne refers to the "Marvelous," thus remaining true to his definition of romanticism.    One may ponder if Hawthorne's definition of romanticism, as defined in the preface to the House of Seven Gables, was written for that certain work or if his definition of romanticism applies to all his work. As the three works analyzed show, he follows his definition of romanticism throughout his work. Hawthorne succeeds at setting appropriate standards for romanticism and then applying them in his work. Thus, he is remembered as one of the greatest Romantic authors of all time, both by his definition of romanticism and ours. (1057)         

Black Cat Essay

Symbols abound in works of fiction and are used by authors to convey their message or produce a certain effect on the reader. In the horror genre, master story teller Edgar Allan Poe uses negative as well as ordinary symbols to evoke dread, revulsion, and fear that gradually and inevitably lead to a terrifying climax. Poe manipulates symbols to suit his purpose – to frighten and horrify – and he does it gradually and almost imperceptibly. In his The Black Cat and The Fall of the House of Usher – two classic tales of Gothic horror – Poe uses negative symbols out of the commonplace as a surrealist painter draws seemingly bizarre shapes out of ordinary things to create an eerie, haunting atmosphere which grips the reader inescapably as the story unfolds. Poe creates sharp contrasts doubtless to make the transition from light to sombre to horrible more appalling. He begins The Black Cat by a distraught rambling statement about something that has left him terrified, tortured and destroyed. Thus, the reader immediately is put on guard about something sinister to follow. But in the next paragraphs the pall dissolves for a moment as the narrator recalls the past where he was known for his â€Å"docility and humanity† of disposition. The foreboding air quickly returns as Poe proceeds to transform the cat’s master from a gentle animal-loving person to a homicidal maniac. The cat, although remarkably good-looking is depicted as an ordinary house pet, doted upon by its master. It does not cause any alarm other than the common superstition that black cats bring bad luck, or the ancient notion, voiced out by the wife, that they are actually witches in disguise. An object of pity as its once caring master, now slave to the bottle, stabs its eye, and finally hangs it to death, the cat morphs into a malevolent creature, at least in the imagination of the narrator. The black cat with the splotched breast that takes its place is lovable too at first until its master comes to hate it and wants to kill it too but murders his wife instead. In this tale, Poe uses the negative symbol of the black cat to suggest that indeed something supernatural has occurred. The white splotch on the cat that comes to live with them after the first is killed soon becomes recognizable by the narrator – or perhaps he imagines it – as an image of the gallows, a fate to which he was destined after his crime was discovered, commensurate with his deed of hanging the cat by the limb of a tree. It conditions the mind to accept the idea of an avenging demon. The first negative symbol used in The Fall of the House of Usher is that of the old mansion of the Ushers, which evokes foreboding as it sat in the midst of a dreary landscape. Observes the narrator: â€Å"I looked upon the scene before me – upon the mere vacant eye-like windows – upon a few rank sedges – and upon a few white trunks of decayed trees- with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to . . . the hideous dropping off of the veil. † By itself the image of the old mansion disturbs an otherwise peaceful mind, but Poe heightens the gloom by describing its weird image reflected on the adjoining black tarn as the narrator gazes â€Å"upon the remodelled and inverted images of the gray sedge, and the ghastly tree stems, and the vacant and eye-like windows. † Here Poe probably plays on the age-old superstition about mirrors being capable of trapping the human soul, or perhaps the ghastly description is only meant to heighten the aura of gloom pervading the mansion – â€Å"an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of heaven, but which had reeked up from the decayed trees, and the gray wall, and the silent tarn – a pestilent and mystic vapour, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. † Poe gives an indication of impending doom awaiting the structure: â€Å"a barely perceptible fissure, which, extending from the roof of the building in front, made its way down the wall in a zigzag direction, until it became lost in the sullen waters of the tarn. † As a breaking mirror is said to bring about bad luck, the reflecting water of the tarn swallowed the mansion in the end. It may be noted that the tarn as a negative symbol also appears in Poe’s Ulalume, where the poet wanders through the â€Å"dank tarn of Auber. † Usher’s dread of his ancient dwelling is depicted in his ballad of The Haunted Palace: a place of beauty and happiness until â€Å"evil things, in robes of sorrow† renders it forever desolate. One senses his awareness of the unseen – or of the forthcoming evil – in his description of the doomed palace, wherein are found Vast forms that move fantastically To a discordant melody; While, like a rapid ghastly river, Through the pale door, A hideous throng rush out forever And laugh- but smile no more. Apart from the mansion, Roderick Usher’s purported illness – â€Å"a morbid acuteness of the senses† – also serves as a negative symbol. If the cat’s master in The Black Cat is an alcoholic, the narrator in The Fall of the House of Usher is a hypochondriac, living in perpetual morbid fear. The former is terrified of the cat owing to the strange markings in its breast, the fear that it might be an incarnation of the animal he killed; the latter is prey to â€Å"an anomalous species of terror. † The former is afraid of retribution for what he had done to the cat; the latter is afraid of struggling with fear itself. I dread the events of the future, not in themselves, but in their results. I shudder at the thought of any, even the most trivial, incident, which may operate upon this intolerable agitation of soul. In have, indeed, no abhorrence of danger, except in its absolute effect- in terror. In this unnerved-in this pitiable condition-I feel that the period will sooner or later arrive when I must abandon life and reason together, in some struggle with the grim phantasm, FEAR. If Roderick Usher’s mental illness is cause for depression, that of the Lady Madeleine’s wasting disease induces sorrow and pity for the afflicted woman. Poe makes brother and sister twins, perhaps to suggest according to the common belief that twins are bound to share the same feelings, experience the same pain and suffering. Being a twin and possessing acute senses, Roderick might have known his sister was only comatose when she was laid on the mansion vault – must have sensed her struggling, clawing her way out of her tomb. One feels deep revulsion for Roderick Usher, who, knowing his twin sister had been buried alive just kept it to himself. As in Usher, a cadaver is deposited without the benefit of a public burial in The Black Cat. Whereas a cataleptic is entombed alive in the former, a cadaver with an animal not yet dead is walled up in the cellar in the latter. The Black Cat is somewhat reminiscent of The Tell-Tale Heart where the murderer hides the body if his victim under the wooden planks of his apartment, but is found out by the police as they were about to depart, convinced of his innocence. In that story, acuteness of senses – the ability to hear the hideous beating of the old man’s heart – similar to Roderick Usher’s hearing the struggles of Lady Madeleine in her coffin – gave away the murderer. Having painted a dark scene, Poe proceeds to sustain the sense of impending doom. As readers we know something sinister and evil is about to befall the house but just as we brace ourselves for the onrush of terror, the master of horror places us at ease, enabling us to lower our guards. Thus, we become most vulnerable when the terrible thing is unleashed when we least expect it. The sudden announcement of a terrible thing, like the emergence of a killer from the dark when its victim thought she was safe, has a forceful impact on the reader. Poe’s masterful use of this technique employs the manipulation of symbols, in this case the breaking of the planks of a wooden door, the mortal cry of a beast, and the clanging of a metal shield – all to induce terror. Feeling troubled and unable to sleep during a stormy night, the narrator reads an antique volume to Roderick Usher. It is titled Mad Trist where Sir Ethelred, the hero of the tale, breaks down a hermit’s wooden door, slays a dragon, and causes a brazen shield to fall clanging at his feet. Waylaid and distracted, the reader is frightened by what Roderick Usher reveals: â€Å"Not hear it? –yes, I hear it, and have heard it. Long-long-long-many minutes, many hours, many days have I heard it-yet I dared not-oh, pity me, miserable wretch that I am! – I dared not- I dared not speak! We have put her living in the tomb! It turns out that the breaking of the hermit’s door, the death-cry of the dragon, and the clanging of the brazen shield corresponded to the breaking of her coffin and her struggle to let herself out through the coppered archway of the family vault. Through his acute senses Roderick knows she has managed to come out: â€Å"Madman! I tell you that she now stands without the door! † Alcohol in The Black Cat is used to explain the demented state of the narrator’s mind. Did the alcohol unleash the man’s capacity for evil, or is man innately wicked, capable of the vilest deeds, alcohol or no alcohol? Not a moralist, Poe delves into the darkness of the human heart, but does not inquire into such matters. The narrator in The Black Cat may have come upon the theory it was the black cat that brought about his downfall in the same way people justify their most unspeakable crimes by heaping the blame on others, pointing to someone or something else that impelled them to their deed. Poe uses symbols to create a fearful atmosphere, utilizing people’s tendency to attribute occurrences to the supernatural. Faced by the unknown, people are easily conditioned to accept what may be illogical to them in their rational moments. As the narrator in Usher puts it: â€Å"†¦ while beyond doubt, there are combinations of very simple natural objects which have the power of thus affecting us, still the analysis of this power lies among considerations beyond our depth. † WORKS CITED Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Black Cat†. 31 October 2008. —â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. 31 October 2008.

A report on workforce education Essay

The purpose of this paper is to address ideas that I learned this semester relating to the topic of workforce education. Specifically, I will address the mission of workforce education, the role of work, foundational components of workforce development and some of the forces that affect the nature of work. The Mission of Workforce Education Workforce education is defined as a level of education provided by private business and industry, or government-sponsored, community-based organizations. It is used to increase opportunity in the labor market or solve human performance problems in the workplace. This definition suggests two missions of workforce education. One mission is to promote individual opportunity in the labor market, to teach individuals the required skills needed to reach career goals and to be competitive. The second mission is to solve workplace problems by improving the worker’s performance. This helps the economy by increasing productivity. Roles of Work One role of work is social identity. In the United States, a person is defined by â€Å"what they do,† their job, career, or occupation. In most instances, we Americans introduce ourselves by name and occupation. Another work role is that of class. Most Americans are in â€Å"middle-class. † The status of middle-class is defined by social, economic, and education status. These three characteristics all apply to different types of occupations: blue collar, laborer, white-collar, professional, scholar, doctor, lawyer, etc. These types of occupations correspond to different education levels and salary levels. Finally, the role of work gives an individual self-worth. Aside from economic reasons, many people who are beyond retirement age choose to continue to work. There are all types of reasons, from boredom to need of a routine, or to get out of the house; people continue to work, even if they don’t have the need to do so. Foundational Components of Workforce Development The are a number of foundational components of workforce development. They fall into political, socio-economic, or social categories. The following components are addressed below: 1) Supply and Demand; 2) Human Capital Investment; 3) Workforce Productivity; 4) Work Ethics; and 5) Family Influences. 1. Supply and Demand – When the demand for workers exceeds the supply, or if the supply of worker exceeds the demand, the labor pool is either reduced or increased. The ideal situation for the national economy and for individuals is when supply equals demand. In the technical fields, there is a demand that exceeds the supply of technicians. This has affected the development of the workforce. 2. Human Capital Investment – Labor is considered the most important component of national wealth. Therefore, the workforce must be of a high quality. To ensure a high quality workforce, it is vital that investments are towards the workforce. In theory, investment in human capital will lead to greater economic outputs. Individuals with advanced skills earn higher salaries. 3. Workforce Productivity – The output of goods and services that results from an hour of labor is workforce productivity. The skill-level of a worker correlates with the wage-level. An example would be that a high-skills worker would receive a high wage. Workforce education is a must to bring the workforce to the level of skill necessary to support high wages. 4. Work Ethics – An appropriate work ethic is a fundamental characteristic needed by employees. Many workforce educators overlook the Level I skills (on-time to work, basic courtesies to co-worker, etc. ) and do not address work ethic as a basic fundamental need. 5. Family Influences – the socioeconomic status of a family is related to the career development, socialization, and career choices of children. This is referred to as the status attainment model. The basic concept is that ones parent’s social status affects the level of schooling achieved which affects the occupational level achieved. Recently, the concepts of mental ability and socio/psychological processes have been added to this model. Forces Which Affect the Character of Work The are many forces that affect the character of work. The most constant attribute about these forces is that they are always a factor in affecting work. Five of them are described below: 1) Technology, Information, and Power; 2) Stress; 3) Free Trade; 4) The Global Economy; and 5) Downsizing and Reorganization. 1. Technology, Information, and Power – Advanced technology has changed the distribution of power and information in organizations.   

About the Artful Use of Stucco

About the Artful Use of Stucco Stucco is a mortar mixture that is commonly used as an exterior siding application on houses. Historically it has been used as a sculpting medium for architectural ornamentation. Stucco can be made by mixing sand and lime with water and various other ingredients, most often cement. Like frosting on a cracked layer cake, a good layer of stucco can enrich a once-shabby exterior. The plaster-like material, however, has many decorative uses and is found throughout the world. For centuries stucco has been used not only in Middle Eastern mosques, but also as ornate Rococo ornamentation in Bavarian pilgrimage churches. The Stucco Wall Stucco is more than a thin veneer but it is not a building material- a stucco wall is not structurally made of stucco. Stucco is the finish applied to the wall. Usually, wooden walls are covered with tar paper and chicken wire or galvanized metal screening called casing bead. Interior walls may have wooden laths. This framework is then covered with layers of stucco mixture. The first layer is called a scratch coat, and then a brown coat is applied to the dried scratch coat. The tinted finish coat is the surface everyone sees. For masonry walls, including damaged brick and concrete block that a homeowner wishes to hide, preparation is easier. A bonding agent is usually brushed on, and then the stucco mixture is applied directly to the power-washed and prepared masonry surface. How to repair stucco? Historic preservationists have written extensively on the topic in Preservation Brief 22. Definitions of Stucco Stucco is often defined by both how it is made and where (and how) it is applied. Historic preservationists in Great Britain describe a common stucco as a combination of lime, sand, and hair- with the hair long, strong, and free of dirt and grease, from the horse or ox. A 1976 Time-Life home repair book describes stucco as mortar containing hydrated lime and asbestos- probably not a recommended additive today. The 1980 Penguin Dictionary of Architecture simply describes stucco as Plasterwork usually rendered very smooth or modeled as in stucco ceilings. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction covers all bases: stucco 1. An exterior finish, usually textured; composed of portland cement, lime, and sand, which are mixed with water. 2. A fine plaster used for decorative work or moldings. 3. Simulated stucco containing other materials, such as epoxy as a binder. 4. A partially or fully calcined gypsum that has not yet been processed into a finished product. Decorative Stucco Although stucco-sided homes became popular in twentieth-century America, the concept of using stucco mixtures in architecture goes back to ancient times. Wall frescoes by ancient Greeks and Romans were painted on fine-grained hard plaster surfaces made of gypsum, marble dust, and glue. This marble dust compound could be molded into decorative shapes, polished to a sheen, or painted. Artists like Giacomo Serpotta became stucco masters, incorporating figures into the architecture, like the male nude sitting on a window cornice in the Oratory of the Rosary in Saint Lorenzo in Sicily, Italy. Stucco techniques were elaborated by the Italians during the Renaissance and the artistry spread throughout Europe. German craftsmen like Dominikus Zimmermann took stucco designs to new artistic levels with elaborate church interiors, such as The Wieskirche in Bavaria. The exterior of this pilgrimage church is truly Zimmermanns Deception. The simplicity of the walls on the outside belies the extravagant interior ornamentation. About Synthetic Stucco Many homes built after the 1950s use a variety of synthetic materials that resemble stucco. Mock stucco siding is often composed of foam insulation board or cement panels secured to the walls. Although synthetic stucco may look authentic, real stucco tends to be heavier. Walls made of genuine stucco sound solid when tapped and will be less likely to suffer damage from a hard blow. Also, genuine stucco holds up well in wet conditions. Although it is porous and will absorb moisture, genuine stucco will dry easily, without damage to the structure- especially when it is installed with weep screeds. One type of synthetic stucco, known as EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems), has long been associated with moisture problems. The underlying wood on EIFS-sided homes tended to suffer rot damage. A simple Web search for stucco lawsuit reveals plenty of problems up and down the East coast beginning in the 1990s. Experts say stucco can be done right, or it can be done quickly, reported Floridas 10NEWS-TV. And when builders are trying to put homes up as fast - or as cheap - as possible, they often choose the latter. Other types of synthetic stucco are durable, and the AIAs magazine, Architect, reports that building codes and commercial products have changed in the past few years. Its always wise to have a professional inspection before purchasing a stucco-sided home. Examples of Use Stucco siding is most often found on Mission Revival style and Spanish and Mediterranean style homes. When traveling to southern US environs, notice that concrete block is often used for sturdy, wind-resistant, energy-efficient homes and public buildings like schools and town halls. Many times these blocks are finished with only a hearty paint, but a coating of stucco is said to increase the value (and status) of these concrete block homes. Theres even an abbreviation for the practice- CBS for concrete block and stucco. When visiting the Art Deco buildings throughout Miami Beach, Florida, note that most are stucco over block. Weve been told that developers who insist on a stucco finish on wood frame structures end up having a heap of moisture problems. But not all stucco problems are the same. A wall made of straw bale will have different needs than concrete block or timber frame construction. Consulting a stucco restoration specialist who may know nothing about straw bale construction might be a mistake. Stucco recipes are not one size fits all. Mixtures are many. Having said all that, you can buy premixed and pre-formulated stucco. Both DAP and Quikrete sell bags and buckets of the mixture at big box stores and even on Amazon.com. Other companies, such as Liquitex, supply stucco mixtures for artists. Resources and Further Reading Revisiting EIFS, the Once-Maligned Cladding System that May Help Architects Meet New Energy Codes by Elizabeth Evitts Dickinson, Architect, August 5, 2013Floridas billion-dollar stucco problem by Noah Pransky, WTSP,  10NEWS-TV, June 24, 2015The Stucco Book: The Basics by Herb Nordmeyer, 2012Exterior Stucco by Ian Constantinides and Lynne Humphries, The Building Conservation Directory, 2003 at buildingconservation.com [accessed February 12, 2016]Time-Life books, Home Repair and Improvement, 1976, Masonry, Index/Glossary, p. 127The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, John Fleming, Hugh Honour, Midolaus Pevner, 3rd edition, 1980, p. 313Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, pp. 482-483

3 Functions of the Comma

3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma By Mark Nichol The general purpose of a comma is to separate closely related but distinct elements in a sentence. Discussion of three specific functions of the comma follows: 1. Place Names and Dates A pair of commas sets a more widely encompassing place name off from the more specific designation of a place within the other location, as in â€Å"She was born in Pensacola, Florida, in 1980.† Likewise, a reference to a year is set off from the rest of the sentence when it follows a reference to a month and day (but not to the month alone), as in â€Å"She was born on January 1, 1980, in Pensacola† (but â€Å"She was born in January 1980 in Pensacola†). When the items in a list of locations require internal commas, the items should be set off by semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Kansas City, Missouri; Rapid City, South Dakota; and Oak Park, Illinois.† However, if only one of the items requires an internal comma, place it last in the series and rely on commas to distinguish the items: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in New York City, San Francisco, and Bloomington, Indiana.† But if such a list requires a scheme of priority, such as chronological or geographical order, retain semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Bloomington, Indiana; San Francisco; and New York City.† Alternatively, for the sake of simplicity, set the more complex item apart from the simpler ones: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in San Francisco and New York City, as well as in Bloomington, Indiana.†) 2. Examples and Definitions Words or phrases that identify a preceding or following example or definition, or that constitute a definition or explanation, should be framed in commas, as in these examples: â€Å"The series features mysteries, thrillers, etc., presented throughout the summer.† â€Å"I would, for example, clean the gasket before attaching it.† â€Å"They then established a cache, or a hiding place, for their supplies.† For clarity, however, it’s sometimes best to set off a preceding abbreviation, word, or phrase between em dashes (or parentheses), as shown in this example: â€Å"I like books in the action genres i.e., stories with chase scenes, gunfights, and so on though characterization and plot are also important to me.† 3. Direct Address When a writer or speaker directs a descriptive word or phrase for one or more readers or audience members to that target, the description is set off from the rest of the statement. â€Å"Hi, John.† â€Å"Attention, all passengers we will begin boarding procedures soon.† â€Å"I am confident, dear reader, that when you have finished this story, you will agree with me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

Future of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Future of Nursing - Essay Example Increasing educational levels of nursing and continuous training will provide highly qualified nurses in the hospitals. This training will enable them acquire lifelong skills required when handling future developments within the health department. IOM proposes the amendment of requirements for hospital participation in medical provision programs. Collaboration between nurses and other physicians is required during research and improvement of the health care environment (Ridge, 2011). It will oversee the implementation of the recommendations by the government and other bodies involved. This includes the provision of advanced research models that will provide innovative solutions in the health care provision system. The institute has to strive to empower nurses to further their education and engage in continuous learning activities. Nurses require empowerment through the institute in order to lead the changes required for the provision of advanced health care. The standardization of data collection by licensing boards requires contribution from IOM. The most important point made during the briefing was the proposed increase of nurses with baccalaureate degrees to 80 percent by 2020 (IOM, 2010). This will add to the number of highly qualified nurses who can provide health care services in hospitals and homes. The number of patients who require health services is increasing rapidly and these patients require different health services. This in turn requires a diversified workforce of trained nurses who have the appropriate skills to cater for the patients. Collaboration between education institutions, funding agencies, and employers is required in order to provide necessary training to student nurses. Creating a learning culture within health facilities will encourage nurses to further their education in order to meet the required percentage. The congress has to amend the Medicare program to authorize nurses to

Angles Ashes Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Angles Ashes - Speech or Presentation Example This also serves as a  justification  of his stealing food from rich neighbour. We read of Frank’s  exploration  in the library where he finds a sex manual, and as he indulges in it, he realizes that his father did not tell him the truth about the â€Å"Angel on the seventh step.† Miss O’Riordan, the librarian, gets him  busy  on the sex material, and directs him to leave the library. Frank seeks refuge in the people’s park where he falls into a deep sleep during which he has a sexually arousing  dream. Suddenly, he wakes up to the  sight  of people filled with disgust, and are busy pulling their children from his him (McCourt, 296). Back at Abs  house  Frank prepares himself for his first day at work as a messenger. He gets a loaf of bread hidden in Abs coat, helps himself to a  slice  and drinks water to fill his  stomach. He then puts on his grandmothers old woollen clothes to keep him warm while his clothes dry up. His aunt Aggy brings drunken Abs home, and she laughs at the  sight  of  frank  in grandmothers’ clothes. She sends him for some water outside, and the neighbours also laugh at the  sight  of  frank  in the old baggy clothes. Frank tells her aunt that he is living at Abs place till he could afford for his mother and brothers. Guilt as a  theme  is addressed  in this chapter. Frank is  guilty  of his sinful masturbating problem which is a source of his  guilt  since he reckons time and again the priest telling them anytime they  sin  the Virgin Mary weeps, and that Christ’s wounds  are reopened. His guilt worsens when he cannot resist the urge to masturbate. Franks' guilt also leads him to  condemn  himself to  hell, and  thus  he justifies his  act  of stealing food since he  is bound  to go to hell. McCourt brings out hunger is a  theme  though not majored in this chapter. Frank steals food from  wealthy  neighbours (287). We also read of the hidden loaf of bread in uncle pats  coat  frank  helps himself to a slice, and drinks water to  feel  full (296). A  look  into franks  statement  on his  plan  to buy a house for his mother and brothers, his aunt admits that it would be â€Å"more than your father would do† (Ferrel 13). This quote is  significant  in the  manner  that it tells us a lot about franks' characters trait it also tells us about the  character  of franks father. Frank is a strong willed boy. He  is determined  to free mother and his brothers’ from their  impoverished  state. He is also full of hope he believes with his messengers’ salary he can provide for his brother, and at the same time their mother. The rhetorical style of writing, although, not clear in the 14th chapter. There is this  case  that involves Mr. O’ Halloran when he says he  is disgusted  with the system that forces young, bright boy s to do petty jobs, yet he is already aware of the poverty stricken state of their country, and such happenings are a common thing. He also tells frank he should leave for America and we know that it is  impossible. Frank is a determined young boy. He strives to achieve greater things than what life

Supreme Court Trilogy Decisions in 1960 Case Study

Supreme Court Trilogy Decisions in 1960 - Case Study Example The Steelworkers' Trilogy has significantly changed the way Arbitration is dealt with in America. The principles of law lifted from these cases served as the guidance and the primary basis in almost all of the decisions of the U.S. courts in arbitration cases that came into their attention for the succeeding years. This study will present the principles of law in relation to arbitration that were lifted from these cases. Specifically, this study aims to know, discuss, and analyze 1) the nature of the collective bargaining agreement, 2) the grievances that must be subjected to arbitration, 3) the scope of authority and powers of the arbitrators, and 4) the role of the courts in arbitration cases. 1) The basis for determining who has the authority for grievance proceedings is the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) which is the contract entered into between the management and a recognized bargaining union of a company. 2) Arbitration is a contractual issue. As such, the courts should not intervene if both parties voluntarily agreed under the CBA to authorize an arbitrator to resolve disputes arising from different interpretations of the negotiated agreement. 3) Courts cannot look into the merits of the arbitration award. The courts' judicial review is only limited to the question of whether the contract authorizes arbitration of the particular issue in dispute. The resea4) If the agreement does not explicitly authorize arbitration or does not provide the forum for grievances, the courts should determine it. Methodology and Scope The researcher carefully read and thoroughly analyzed the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in these cases. He also researched and examined the opinions and findings of legal personalities and writers after these cases were decided. Aside from the trilogy cases, the researcher also made use of one additional case and six commentaries and/or researches, all were taken from reputable sources in the Internet. Review of Related Literature Rainseberger enumerated the common law treatment of voluntary remedies: "Traditionally, in the United States, the courts have looked with disfavor at efforts of private citizens to use voluntary methods to resolve contractual disputes. Many states courts have seen arbitration of disputes as an undesirable alternative to litigation. It is often viewed as an effort to supplant to jurisdiction of the courts. Under the common law, arbitrating agreements were regarded as purely executory. In other words, an agreement to arbitrate a dispute could unilaterally revoke at any time prior to the issuance of a final award." Gershenfeld stated that: "From the 1930s to the 1950s, it was not uncommon for management to argue that an arbitrator's task in disciplinary matters was limited to determining whether or not the incident of which the employee was accused had occurred. If it had, management claimed the arbitrator's task was over, and the assigned penalty should be upheld. This view did not prevail in the following years." In the case of Raceway Park v. Local 47 Service Employees International, the U.S. Court of Appeals (for Six Circuit), citing the International Association of Machinists v. Cuttler-Hammer (67 N.Y. S.2d 317), said: " Prior to 1960, states courts hesitated to enforce grievance arbitration provisions. Even where state courts were willing to enforce CBAs, they often did so